The Morality of Refusal

<p>This paper begins and ends with reflection on India, and on the place of Gandhian ideas about non-violence as a form of political action. The literature on Gandhi and on his place in the study of non-violence is voluminous. One among the many questions that remain open about Gandhian thought and action is the way in which violence and non-violence are connected in his politics. The argument developed in this paper is that Gandhian ideas about and practices of non-violence have a double genealogy. One genealogy is connected to Indic ideas about asceticism, avoidance, and abstinence; in common with other ascetic traditions, it relies on the moral virtues and special powers associated with the restraint of bodily appetites. The other genealogy has a different relationship to the world of the senses, of sexuality, and of power and draws on Indic ideas about kingship, sacrifice, and martial prowess. This latter tradition is not especially anxious about doing harm to sentient life and draws its ethics from the militant logics of sacrifice and warfare in Indic thought. These two genealogies themselves become blurred in the traditions of warrior asceticism in India; hence this paper also explores warrior asceticism as a living source for the politics of militant religiosity in India today.</p>